Countering Side-Channel Attacks With a Dynamic S-Box Based on Affine Transformations and Gold Sequences
Countering Side-Channel Attacks With a Dynamic S-Box Based on Affine Transformations and Gold Sequences
Abstract:
Advanced cryptographic devices employ multiscale countermeasures to bolster resilience against side-channel analy-sis (SCA). In masking-based defenses, secure substitution-boxes (S-boxes) and effective masking schemes are paramount. Addi-tionally, the time-based hiding techniques, leveraging multiple clocks for individual encryption operations, offer significant protection. This article introduces a novel multiscale counter-measure: an improved tower field masking scheme integrated with an affine transformation-based dynamic S-box. Crucially, we incorporate Gold sequences to generate both a random clock source for horizontal hiding and random values for masking. Extensive evaluation using up to five million power traces demonstrates the robustness of our approach against standard correlation power analysis (CPA) and alignment preprocessing techniques, including sliding window and amplitude peak local-ization. Experimental results show a measurement-to-disclosure (MTD) improvement of at least 150× compared to unprotected implementations using stand-alone masking and 375× with our multiscale approach. Furthermore, we demonstrate resilience against recent robust profiled deep learning SCA, which could only recover four subkeys even with one million traces. Index dynamic substitution-box (S-box), side-channel analysis (SCA), tower field mask. C devices are highly vulnerable to side-channel analysis (SCA), a powerful technique that extracts secret information by analyzing unintended emissions correlated with internal Received 29 April 2025; revised 8 July 2025 and 1 August 2025; accepted 1 August 2025. Date of publication 14 August 2025; date of current version 30 December 2025. This work is funded by Vietnam National University, Ho Chi Minh City (VNU-HCM) under grant number DN2024-18-02. (Corresponding author: Duc-Hung Le.
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Countering Side-Channel Attacks With a Dynamic S-Box Based on Affine Transformations and Gold Sequences
